Walpole Island has many plant and animal species deemed as species at risk by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife Canada (COSEWIC) including some not found elsewhere in Canada. Walpole Island is located at the northern limit of many COSEWIC listed species' natural range in North America. Over 45 species at risk and growing have been found and recorded on Walpole Island mainly because of their associated habitats are still intact here. Rich and diverse wetlands and coastal waters, nationally rare tallgrass prairie and oak savanna remnants, and large Carolinian forests found on Walpole Island support many rare and common species.

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